C the fraction of molecules with energy greater than Eact. D More than one of these choices. E None of these choices. Ans: D Topic: Activation energy Section: 6. Ans: C Topic: Transition state theory Section: 6. The most important reason for this is that increasing the temperature 7 A increases the collision frequency. B decreases the probability factor. C increases the fraction of collisions with energy greater than Eact.
D decreases the energy of activation. E makes the reaction more exothermic. Ans: B Topic: Predicting products Section: 6. B The transition states precede and follow an unstable reaction intermediate. C The single transition state represents the point of maximum free energy of the reaction.
D Existence of this transition state implies an exothermic reaction. E The transition state will always have a net charge of Ans: C Topic: Generalities Sections: 6.
Cl NaI I NaCl Assuming no other changes, how would it affect the rate if one simultaneously doubled the concentration of 2-chloromethylpentane and sodium iodide?
D It would quadruple the rate. E It would increase the rate five times. Which of the following would be true? A The reaction would take place only with inversion of configuration at the stereogenic center. B The reaction would take place only with retention of configuration at the stereogenic center. C The reaction would take place with racemization.
D No reaction would take place. E The alkyl halide does not possess a stereogenic center. A An SN2 reaction would take place with inversion of configuration at the stereogenic center. B An SN1 reaction would take place with retention of configuration at the stereogenic center. C An SN1 reaction would take place with racemization of configuration at the stereogenic center.
D An SN1 reaction would take place, accompanied by an E1 reaction, affording a complex 12 mixture of products. E An E2 reaction would take place, during which the stereogenic center is lost. D An SN1 reaction would take place, accompanied by an E1 reaction, affording a complex mixture of products. Ans: B Topic: Predicting mechanisms, products Section: 6.
Ans: A Topic: Predicting mechanisms, products Section: 6. B polar aprotic solvents strongly accelerate the rate of SN2 processes. D the transition state for an endergonic reaction step one accompanied by an increase in free energy resembles the product of that step.
E elimination reactions will always compete with nucleophilic substitution reactions. A Structurally, it closely resembles the carbocation intermediate. B Both covalent bond-breaking and bond-making are occurring.
C Formation of the transition state is an exothermic reaction. D Necessarily, the transition state has zero charge overall. E More than one of these choices. Ans: B Topic: Synthesis, reagent selection Section: 6. Which reagent would you use? What is the explanation that best describes this transformation? B an increase in the probability factor.
C a decrease in the probability factor. D an increase in the reaction rate. Ans: D Topic: Generalities, nucleophiles Sections: 6. Which of the following is not an ambident nucleophile? Assume that the concentrations of the reactants and the temperature are the same in each instance. What would be the relative order of reactivity for the following X substituents?
Topic: Generalities, solvent effects Section: 6. Ans: A Topic: Generalities, solvent effects 23 Sections: 6. Ans: D Topic: Generalities, solvent effects Sections: 6. Ans: D Topic: Nucleophile, solvent effects Sections: 6. Ans: A Topic: Leaving groups Sections: 6. Ans: A 25 Topic: Nucleophile, solvent effects Sections: 6. Assume concentrations and temperature are the same in each instance. B experimental measurements of sufficient accuracy are not available to make the comparisons.
C nucleophilicity is a thermodynamic matter; basicity is a matter of kinetics. D basicity is a thermodynamic matter; nucleophilicity is a matter of kinetics. E Actually, the relative values do parallel one another. Ans: D Topic: Nucleophilicity Sections: 6. Ans: E Topic: Predicting mechanism, kinetics, solvent effectsh Sections: 6.
Ans: A Topic: Predicting mechanism, nucleophilicity, solvent effects Sections: 6. Ans: A Topic: Leaving group Sections: 6. Ans: D Topic: Leaving groups Sections: 6. E None of these choices would be unlikely to occur. Ans: B Topic: Leaving groups Sections: 6. Ans: D Topic: Predicting mechanisms, products Section: 6.
Ans: E Topic: Predicting mechanisms, products Sections: 6. Which alkyl halide, when treated with sodium ethoxide in ethanol, would afford a product mixture consisting of more than one elimination product? A 1-bromo-3,3-dimethylpentane Br HO O 33 B 1-bromo-2,3-dimethylpentane C 2-bromo-3,4-dimethylpentane D 2-bromo-3,3-dimethylpentane E None of these choices would yield more than one elimination product. Ans: C Topic: Predicting products Section: 6.
B when tert-butoxide ion is used. E in all of these cases. Ans: E Topic: Generalities Section: 6. E Actually, none of these products are likely to be obtained as major products, because elimination will probably predominate, leading to the formation of an alkene.
Ans: E Topic: Predicting mechanisms, products Section: 6. Ans: A Topic: Predicting products Section: 6. Ans: B Topic: Predicting products Sections: 6. Ans: C Topic: Predicting mechanisms, products Sections: 6. Ans: B Topic: Predicting mechanisms, products Sections: 6. Ans: E Topic: Predicting products Section: 6. NaI, acetone 2. NaI, acetone Cl 2. NaH, THF b. Ans: A Topic: Synthesis, reagent selection Sections: 6.
B by using a high concentration of the nucleophile. C by using a solvent of high polarity. D by the use of weak nucleophiles. E by none of these choices. Ans: B Topic: Generalities Sections: 6. A Doubling the hydroxide ion concentration would double the rate of the reaction. Assume that all other experimental conditions are unchanged. B The major product would be S butanol. C Doubling the concentration of R bromobutane would double the rate of the reaction.
D All of these choices. Ans: D Topic: Generalities Sections: 6. E None of these choices are likely to occur. Ans: A Topic: Predicting products Sections: 6. Ans: C Topic: Synthesis, reagent selection Sections: 6. THF, b. Ans: D Topic: Predicting products Section: 6. Ans: D Topic: Predicting mechanisms, products Sections: 6. Ans: E Topic: Synthesis, reagent selection Sections: 6. A The rate of an SN1 reaction depends on the concentration of the alkyl halide. B The rate of an SN1 reaction depends on the concentration of the nucleophile.
C SN1 reactions of alkyl halides are favored by polar solvents. D The rate of an SN1 reaction depends on the concentration of the alkyl halide and SN1 reactions of alkyl halides are favored by polar solvents. E The rate of an SN1 reaction depends on the concentration of the alkyl halide and the concentration of the nucleophile, and SN1 reactions of alkyl halides are favored by polar solvents. D The rate of an SN1 reaction depends on the concentration of the alkyl halide and SN1 reactions of alkyl halides occur faster in polar aprotic solvents compared to protic solvents.
E The rate of an SN1 reaction depends on the concentration of the alkyl halide and the concentration of the nucleophile, and SN1 reactions of alkyl halides occur faster in polar aprotic solvents compared to protic solvents. Ans: A Topic: Generalities Sections: 6. C when L- is a strong base. D by use of a non-polar solvent. B by increasing the concentration of the nucleophile. C by increasing the polarity of the solvent. D by use of a strong base.
E by more than one of these choices. D by use of a weak nucleophile. E by the use of tertiary substrates as opposed to primary or secondary substrates and by use of a weak nucleophile. Ans: E Topic: Generalities Sections: 6. Ans: A Topic: Predicting mechanisms, products Sections: 6.
Ans: E Topic: Predicting products Sections: 6. Topic: Periodic Trends, Electronegativity Section: 1. Topic: Periodic Properties, Electronegativity Section: 1. Topic: Bonding Section 1. Topic: Lewis Structures Section: 1. H d e None of these choices. H3CC O. H N CH3.
H H CH3. H3C O: a.. H3C O CH3. All valence electrons are shown; however, electrical charges have been omitted deliberately. Topic: Isomerism Section: 1. Br Br Br Br. Topic: Resonance Section: 1.
N d e All of these choices are correct resonance forms. N d e None of these choices are correct resonance forms. Topic: Atomic orbitals, Lewis structures, resonance Section: 1. Topic: Quantum Mechanics Section: 1. Topic: Atomic Orbitals Section: 1.
Topic: Atomic orbitals, molecular orbitals Section: 1. Topic: Atomic Orbitals, Bonding Section: 1. Topic: Atomic Orbitals, Hybridization Section: 1. Topic: General, Bonding Section: 1. Topic: Bond lengths Section: 1. Topic: Hybridization Section: 1. Cl Cl C. The lone pair electrons on the N atom are contained in: N.
The lone pair electrons on the C atom are contained in: Cl Cl C. Topic: Molecular Geometry Section: 1. Electrical charges have been deliberately omitted.
In each case you should write a Lewis structure before deciding. Topic: Octet Rule Section: 1. H Answer: H. Br Br Answer: Br Br. O Answer: O O. Topic: Lewis Structures, Resonance Section: 1. Topic: Lewis Structure, Resonance Sections: 1. Topic: Atomic orbitals Section: 1. Answer: A region of space where the probability of finding an electron is high.
The configuration shown below for oxygen violates one of these rules. Which one? Topic: Atomic orbitals, Electron configuration Section: 1. Topic: Molecular orbitals Section: 1. Topic: Hybridization Section 1. Open navigation menu. Close suggestions Search Search. User Settings. Skip carousel. Carousel Previous. Carousel Next.
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