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Department of Health. Medical Marijuana. Emergency Preparedness. Environmental Health. Opioid Epidemic. Nursing Homes. Its goals of using nurses in the newborn period to provide educational materials about SBS to all parents of all newborn children, coupled with a commitment statement signed by both parents were effective in seeing a reduced rate of SBS in the region studied. Without citing an enormous literature about testing of educational materials, the common-sense answer is yes.
Effective presentations to any audience depend not only on what information is transmitted, but how it is presented. Two hundred sixty-four adults were recruited for participation. SBS awareness was surveyed using a specifically designed instrument prior to an educational intervention and three times afterwards at two, six and 12 weeks. Four items relevant to SBS prevention were measured:. The second one, however, offers several alternative behaviors that might help soothe a crying infant and help the caregiver to remain calm during the frustration.
This study used a rigorous scientific approach to determine the effectiveness of the three types of educational materials. In other words, the manner of delivery of the information does matter.
The Period of Purple Crying program approaches SBS prevention by educating parents about normal infant development and, specifically, about crying patterns to be expected in normal infants based on scientific evidence about infant crying. It uses positive messages for parents rather than negative warnings about detrimental consequences of shaking. The PURPLE program is given to families of new babies, both mothers and fathers, in the hospital after the birth of their baby.
Maternity nurses are trained and provided with a script to use when presenting the materials to families of new babies and the PURPLE Crying materials themselves. When possible, the parents should watch the film in the hospital and be able to ask the nurse questions. It is very important that the parents receive the program from a person in a position of authority or influence, like a maternity nurse or health educator.
It is equally important that the person delivering the PURPLE program recommends its use to the parents, encourages them to review the materials, and recommends sharing the materials with other caregivers of their baby. Heath nurse home visitors, pediatricians, family doctors or public health clinics can reinforce the message by talking to parents about the concepts taught in the Period of PURPLE Crying program.
If needed, the physician or office personnel can provide materials to parents who were missed at the hospital after having their baby and did not receive the PURPLE materials. It is important not to duplicate the materials in the distribution process as, ideally; most parents should have received the materials at the hospital.
A public education campaign provides this information to the general public, including all those who did not receive the program through the previous two methods. This is an important part of bringing about a cultural change as it is necessary to educate grandmothers, boyfriends, neighbors and relatives about the PURPLE program.
Understanding of the Period of PURPLE Crying among the general population can help ease the stresses of parents dealing with the inconsolable crying of their babies. Childcare providers, foster care workers, midwives, advice and hot line personnel, family practice physicians, emergency room personnel and other groups serving parents should be contacted and receive training on the Period of PURPLE Crying.
This ensures that parents get the same information wherever they go for help and advice. The efficacy of these educational materials has been studied in two randomized controlled trials—the most stringent designs for such studies—and reported on in The control group consisted of mothers of newborns.
In the Vancouver study, the study group had mothers of newborns with a control group of mothers of newborns. The eight main outcome measures were: Crying knowledge Shaking knowledge Responses to crying generally Responses to inconsolable crying Self-talk responses to inconsolable crying Sharing information with a temporary caregiver on crying Sharing information on walking away if frustrated, and Sharing information on the dangers of shaking.
Results from both studies were similar but not identical. Among the USA mothers there was increased knowledge about crying and the dangers of shaking after receiving the PURPLE materials, and they shared more information about walking away if frustrated and the dangers of shaking.
The Canadian mothers who received the PURPLE materials showed greater knowledge about infant crying and were more active in sharing information about crying, walking away if frustrated and the dangers of shaking with other caregivers. Of note is that, in the Vancouver study, the diary results also indicated that caregivers were more likely to lay the infant down and walk away if they were frustrated by inconsolable crying.
It is important to understand that these studies were not designed to determine whether the Period of PURPLE Crying materials reduced the incidence of shaken baby syndrome or infant abuse. Much larger population-based studies are required to do that. Rather, they were designed to assess whether the materials changed knowledge especially about infant crying characteristics that are frustrating and behaviors such as sharing information with temporary caregivers that are relevant to reducing shaken baby syndrome.
On the most important knowledge change the increase in knowledge about frustrating crying characteristics , the parents who received PURPLE materials showed a change with an effect size of 0.
This compares to an average effect size change of. In other words past research on changing the beliefs that people hold about health is extraordinarily difficult. The Dias trial tested a process model and describes how to implement a SBS prevention program. The two positive sets of findings suggest that combining the PURPLE materials with the Dias process could make the resulting program greater than the sum of its parts.
The current implementation is being done as a universal prevention program for all of the approximately , births a year in North Carolina over a five-year period. The State of North Carolina was selected because Drs.
Heather Keenan, Desmond Runyan, and colleagues had previously conducted the only North American study to date on the incidence of Shaken Baby Syndrome in North Carolina 6which is being used to help determine the effectiveness of the program.
This prevention program is conceptualized and designed as a primary, universal, community education prevention program. The program will be evaluated by; 1 Program Fidelity. Close to 80 percent of survivors have more subtle effects, he said. It was that personal experience and his professional experience — of seeing three babies in one month come into the hospital with abusive head trauma — that prompted Dias to implement an educational program for parents of newborns in upstate New York in that resulted in a 50 percent reduction in the incidents of abusive head injuries there.
The Shaken Baby Syndrome Education Act, signed in December , requires all Pennsylvania hospitals that deliver babies to provide parents with free educational materials and a voluntary commitment statement confirming receipt and understanding of the material. At the checkups, parents receive information on how to cope with a crying infant. Some statistics suggest that the incidence of shaken baby syndrome has increased since the downturn of the economy, Dias said.
Research shows that 93 percent of parents know that shaking a baby is dangerous, but that knowledge can separate from action when frustrations rise, Dias said.
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